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Clarifying the variations of groundwater recharge response to a changing\udnon-stationary hydrological process is important for efficiently managing\udgroundwater resources, particularly in regions with limited precipitation\udthat face the risk of water shortage. However, the rate of aquifer recharge\udis difficult to evaluate in terms of large annual-variations and frequency of\udflood events. In our research, we attempt to simulate related groundwater\udrecharge processes under variable climate conditions using the SWAT Model,\udand validate the groundwater recharge using the Hydrus Model. The results\udshow that annual average groundwater recharge comprised approximately\ud33% of total precipitation, however, larger variation was found for\udgroundwater recharge and surface runoff compared to evapotranspiration, which\udfluctuated with annual precipitation variations. The annual variation of\udgroundwater resources is shown to be related to precipitation. In spatial\udvariations, the upstream is the main surface water discharge area; the middle\udand downstream areas are the main groundwater recharge areas. Validation by\udthe Hydrus Model shows that the estimated and simulated groundwater levels\udare consistent in our research area. The groundwater level shows a quick\udresponse to the groundwater recharge rate. The rainfall intensity had a great\udimpact on the changes of the groundwater level. Consequently, it was\udestimated that large spatial and temporal variation of the groundwater\udrecharge rate would be affected by precipitation uncertainty in future

Evaluation of drought impact on groundwater recharge rate using SWAT and Hydrus models on an agricultural island in western Japan