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. Chlorophyll has long been known to influence air–sea gas exchangeand CO2 drawdown. But chlorophyll also influences regional climatethrough its effect on solar radiation absorption and thus sea surfacetemperature (SST). In the Bay of Bengal, the effect of chlorophyll on SST hasbeen demonstrated to have a significant impact on the Indian summer(southwest) monsoon. However, little is known about the drivers and impactsof chlorophyll variability in the Bay of Bengal during the southwestmonsoon. Here we use observations of downwelling irradiance measured by anocean glider and three profiling floats to determine the spatial andtemporal variability of solar absorption across the southern Bay of Bengalduring the 2016 summer monsoon. A two-band exponential solar absorptionscheme is fitted to vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiationto determine the effective scale depth of blue light. Scale depths of bluelight are found to vary from 12 m during the highest (0.3–0.5 mg m−3)mixed-layer chlorophyll concentrations to over 25 m when the mixed-layerchlorophyll concentrations are below 0.1 mg m−3. The Southwest MonsoonCurrent and coastal regions of the Bay of Bengal are observed to have highermixed-layer chlorophyll concentrations and shallower solar penetrationdepths than other regions of the southern Bay of Bengal. Substantialsub-daily variability in solar radiation absorption is observed, whichhighlights the importance of near-surface ocean processes in modulatingmixed-layer chlorophyll. Simulations using a one-dimensional K-profileparameterization ocean mixed-layer model with observed surface forcing fromJuly 2016 show that a 0.3 mg m−3 increase in chlorophyll concentrationincreases sea surface temperature by 0.35 ∘C in 1 month, with SSTdifferences growing rapidly during calm and sunny conditions. This has thepotential to influence monsoon rainfall around the Bay of Bengal and itsintraseasonal variability.

ocean science

Spatial and temporal variability of solar penetration depths in the Bay of Bengal and its impact on sea surface temperature (SST) during the summer monsoon