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Abstract. Following the eruption of the Calbuco volcano in April 2015, an extensiveash plume spread across northern Patagonia and into the southeast Pacificand southwest Atlantic oceans. Here, we report on field surveys conducted inthe coastal region receiving the highest ash load following the eruption(Reloncaví Fjord). The fortuitous location of a long-term monitoringstation in Reloncaví Fjord provided data to evaluate inshorephytoplankton bloom dynamics and carbonate chemistry during April–May 2015.Satellite-derived chlorophyll a measurements over the ocean regions affectedby the ash plume in May 2015 were obtained to determine the spatial–temporalgradients in the offshore phytoplankton response to ash. Additionally, leachingexperiments were performed to quantify the release from ash into solution oftotal alkalinity, trace elements (dissolved Fe, Mn, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni and Cd)and major ions (F−, Cl−, SO42-, NO3-,Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+). WithinReloncaví Fjord, integrated peak diatom abundances during the May 2015austral bloom were approximately 2–4 times higher than usual (up to1.4 × 1011 cells m−2, integrated to 15 m depth), with thebloom intensity perhaps moderated due to high ash loadings in the 2 weeksfollowing the eruption. Any mechanistic link between ash deposition and theReloncaví diatom bloom can, however, only be speculated on due to thelack of data immediately preceding and following the eruption. In theoffshore southeast Pacific, a short-duration phytoplankton bloomcorresponded closely in space and time to the maximum observed ash plume,potentially in response to Fe fertilisation of a region where phytoplanktongrowth is typically Fe limited at this time of year. Conversely, no clearfertilisation on the same timescale was found in the area subject to an ashplume over the southwest Atlantic where the availability of fixed nitrogenis thought to limit phytoplankton growth. This was consistent with nosignificant release of fixed nitrogen (NOx or NH4) from Calbucoash. In addition to the release of nanomolar concentrations of dissolved Fe from ashsuspended in seawater, it was observed that low loadings (&lt; 5 mg L−1) of ash were an unusually prolific source of Fe(II) into chilledseawater (up to 1.0 µmol Fe g−1), producing a pulse of Fe(II)typically released mainly during the first minute after addition toseawater. This release would not be detected (as Fe(II) or dissolvedFe) following standard leaching protocols at room temperature. A pulse ofFe(II) release upon addition of Calbuco ash to seawater made it an unusuallyefficient dissolved Fe source. The fraction of dissolved Fe released asFe(II) from Calbuco ash (∼ 18 %–38 %) was roughly comparableto literature values for Fe released into seawater from aerosols collectedover the Pacific Ocean following long-range atmospheric transport.

ocean science

A mosaic of phytoplankton responses across Patagonia, the southeast Pacific and the southwest Atlantic to ash deposition and trace metal release from the Calbuco volcanic eruption in 2015