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. Free sea level oscillations in barotropic and baroclinicconditions were examined using numerical experiments based on a 3-Dhydrodynamic model of the Baltic Sea. In a barotropic environment, thehighest amplitudes of free sea level oscillations are observed in thenorthern Gulf of Bothnia, eastern Gulf of Finland, and south-western BalticSea. In these areas, the maximum variance appears within the frequency rangecorresponding to periods of 13–44 h. In a stratified environment, after thecessation of meteorological forcing, water masses relax to the equilibriumstate in the form of mesoscale oscillations at the same frequencies as wellas in the form of rapidly decaying low-frequency (seasonal) oscillations.The total amplitudes of free baroclinic perturbations are significantlylarger than those of barotropic perturbations, reaching 15–17 cm. Contraryto barotropic, oscillations in baroclinic conditions are strongly pronouncedin the deep-water areas of the Baltic Sea proper. Specific spatial patternsof amplitudes and phases of free barotropic and baroclinic sea leveloscillations identified them as progressive–standing waves representingbarotropic or baroclinic modes of gravity waves and topographic Rossbywaves.

Spatiotemporal structure of Baltic free sea level oscillations in barotropic and baroclinic conditions from hydrodynamic modelling