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. The wetland of Liao River estuary (LRE) in northeastern China is one of thebest-preserved wetlands across the globe. However, it is extremely vulnerableto hydrological changes as well as other disturbances, particularly upstreamriver discharges and the reclamation from anthropogenic activities. In thisstudy, a 3D hydrodynamic model was used to reproduce the flow patterns of theLRE and to explore the variation in salinity under differentscenarios. Furthermore, the impact of river discharge and shoreline changes onthe salinity distribution in the LRE was quantitatively analyzed anddiscussed through several simulation experiments. The model reasonablyreconstructed the spatiotemporal variability and distribution of salinity inthe Liao River estuary and the wetlands across intertidal areas. Increases inrunoff were demonstrated to significantly decrease the mean salinity values ofthe estuary, with changes in salinity negatively correlated to thelongitudinal distance from the estuary mouth. Moreover, the shoreline changecaused by the construction of Panjin Port was observed to have an obviousinfluence on the salinity distribution of the LRE, particularly in the lowerreaches of the Pink Beach wetland. Comparisons of the Liao River estuaryresidual flow fields under different shorelines revealed that theestablishment of the port resulted in the diffusion of the runoff from theDaliao River due to the obstruction of the port body, which enhanced the tidalmixing effect and consequently weakened the dilution effect of freshwaterentering the Pink Beach wetland. Overall, the current study should be helpfulfor offering a greater understanding of Suaeda heteroptera vegetationdegradation in the LRE, China, and also provides a new perspective ininvestigating the degradation mechanism in other estuarine wetlands.

The impacts of runoff decrease and shoreline change on the salinity distribution in the wetlands of Liao River estuary, China