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. This study evaluates the response of winter-average sea surfacetemperature (SST) to the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) simulatedby 13 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) Earth system models in the North Atlantic (NA) (0–65 ∘  N) on an interannual scale. Most of the models can reproduce an observedtripolar pattern of the response of the SST anomalies to the NAO on aninterannual scale. The model bias is mainly reflected in the locations ofthe negative-response centers in the subpolar NA (45–65 ∘  N), whichis mainly caused by the bias of the response of the SST anomalies to theNAO-driven turbulent heat flux (THF) anomalies. Although the influence ofthe sensible heat flux (SHF) on the SST is similar to that of the latent heat flux (LHF), it seems that the SHF may play a larger role in the response ofthe SST to the NAO, and the weak negative response of the SST anomalies tothe NAO-driven LHF anomalies is mainly caused by the overestimated oceanicrole in the interaction of the LHF and SST. Besides the THF, some otherfactors which may impact the relationship of the NAO and SST are discussed.The relationship of the NAO and SST is basically not affected by the heatmeridional advection transports on an interannual timescale, but it may beinfluenced by the cutoffs of data filtering, the initial fields, andexternal-forcing data in some individual models, and in the tropical NA itcan also be affected by the different definitions of the NAO indices.

Assessment of responses of North Atlantic winter sea surface temperature to the North Atlantic Oscillation on an interannual scale in 13 CMIP5 models