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. Bardsey Island is located at the western end of the Llŷn Peninsula innorthwestern Wales. Separated from the mainland by a channel that is some 3 km wide, itis surrounded by reversing tidal streams of up to 4 m s −1 during springtides. These local hydrodynamic details and their consequences areunresolved by satellite altimetry and are not represented in regionaltidal models. Here we look at the effects of the island on the strong tidalstream in terms of the budgets for tidal energy dissipation and theformation and shedding of eddies. We show, using local observations and asatellite-altimetry-constrained product (TPXO9), that the island has a largeimpact on the tidal stream and that even in this latest altimetry-constrained product the derived tidal stream is under-represented due to theisland not being resolved. The effect of the island leads to anunderestimate of the current speed in the TPXO9 data in the channel of up toa factor of 2.5, depending on the timing in the spring–neap cycle, and theaverage tidal energy resource is underestimated by a factor up to 14. Theobserved tidal amplitudes are higher at the mainland than at the island, andthere is a detectable phase lag in the tide across the island; this effectis not seen in the TPXO9 data. The underestimate of the tide in the TPXO9data has consequences for tidal dissipation and wake effect computation andshows that local observations are key to correctly estimating tidal energeticsaround small-scale coastal topography.

Bardsey – an island in a strong tidal stream: underestimating coastal tides due to unresolved topography