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. The temporal variability of the Atlantic MeridionalOverturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven both by direct wind stresses and bythe buoyancy-driven formation of North Atlantic Deep Water over the Labrador Seaand Nordic Seas. In many models, low-frequency density variability down thewestern boundary of the Atlantic basin is linked to changes in the buoyancyforcing over the Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) region, and this is found toexplain part of the geostrophic AMOC variability at 26 ∘  N. In this study,using different experiments with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM), we develop statistical methods toidentify characteristic vertical density profiles at 26 ∘  N at the western andeastern boundaries, which relate to the buoyancy-forced AMOC. We show thatdensity anomalies due to anomalous buoyancy forcing over the SPG propagateequatorward along the western Atlantic boundary (through 26 ∘  N),eastward along the Equator, and then poleward up the eastern Atlantic boundary.The timing of the density anomalies appearing at the western and easternboundaries at 26 ∘  N reveals ∼  2–3-year lags between boundariesalong deeper levels (2600–3000 m). Record lengths of more than 26 years arerequired at the western boundary (WB) to allow the buoyancy-forced signals to appear as thedominant empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode. Results suggest that the depth structure of the signalsand the lagged covariances between the boundaries at 26 ∘  N may both provideuseful information for detecting propagating signals of high-latitude originin more complex models and potentially in the observational RAPID (Rapid Climate Change programme) array.However, time filtering may be needed, together with the continuation of theRAPID programme, in order to extend the time period.

Can the boundary profiles at 26° N be used to extract buoyancy-forced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation signals?