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. Recently two gridded sea surface salinity (SSS) products that coverthe Arctic Ocean have been derived from the European Space Agency (ESA)'sSoil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission: one developed by theBarcelona Expert Centre (BEC) and the other developed by the Ocean SalinityExpertise Center of the Centre Aval de Traitement des Donnees SMOS atIFREMER (The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (CEC). The uncertainties of these two SSS products are quantifiedduring the period of 2011–2013 against other SSS products: one dataassimilative regional reanalysis; one data-driven reprocessing in theframework of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Services (CMEMS);two climatologies – the 2013 World Ocean Atlas (WOA) and the Polar sciencecenter Hydrographic Climatology (PHC); and in situ datasets, bothassimilated and independent. The CMEMS reanalysis comes from the TOPAZ4system, which assimilates a large set of ocean and sea-ice observations usingan ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Another CMEMS product is theMulti-OBservations reprocessing (MOB), a multivariate objective analysiscombining in situ data with satellite SSS. The monthly root mean squareddeviations (RMSD) of both SMOS products, compared to the TOPAZ4 reanalysis,reach 1.5 psu in the Arctic summer, while in the winter months the BEC SSSis closer to TOPAZ4 with a deviation of 0.5 psu. The comparison of CECsatellite SSS against in situ data shows Atlantic Water that is too fresh in theBarents Sea, the Nordic Seas, and in the northern North Atlantic Ocean,consistent with the abnormally fresh deviations from TOPAZ4. Whencompared to independent in situ data in the Beaufort Sea, the BECproduct shows the smallest bias (< 0.1 psu) in summer and thesmallest RMSD (1.8 psu). The results also show that all six SSS productsshare a common challenge: representing freshwater masses (< 24 psu)in the central Arctic. Along the Norwegian coast and at the southwesterncoast of Greenland, the BEC SSS shows smaller errors than TOPAZ4 andindicates the potential value of assimilating the satellite-derived salinityin this system.

Evaluation of Arctic Ocean surface salinities from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission against a regional reanalysis and in situ data