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. Vertical transfers of heat, salt and mass between the inflowingand outflowing layers at the Strait of Gibraltar are explored basing on the outputs of athree-dimensional fully nonlinear numerical model. The model covers the entireMediterranean basin and has a very high spatial resolution around the strait(1/200∘). Another distinctive feature of the model is that it includes arealistic barotropic tidal forcing (diurnal and semi-diurnal), in addition to atmosphericpressure and heat and water surface fluxes. The results show a significant transformationof the properties of the inflowing and outflowing water masses along their path throughthe strait. This transformation is mainly induced by the recirculation of water, andtherefore of heat and salt, between the inflowing and outflowing layers. The underlyingprocess seems to be the hydraulic control acting at the Espartel section, Camarinal Silland Tarifa Narrows, which limits the amount of water that can cross the sections andforces a vertical recirculation. This results in a complex spatio-temporal pattern ofvertical transfers, with the sign of the net vertical transfer being opposite in eachside of the Camarinal Sill. Conversely, the mixing seems to have little influence on the heatand salt exchanged between layers (∼2 %–10 % of advected heat and salt).Therefore, the main point of our work is that most of the transformation of waterproperties along the strait is induced by the vertical advection of heat and salt and notby vertical mixing. A simple relationship between the net flux and the vertical transfersof water, heat and salt is also proposed. This relationship could be used for the fine-tuning of coarse-resolution model parameterizations in the strait.

Modelling study of transformations of the exchange flows along the Strait of Gibraltar