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. There is a general scarcity of oceanic observations thatconcurrently examine air–sea interactions, coastal–open-ocean processes andphysical–biogeochemical processes, in appropriate spatiotemporalscales and under continuous, long-term data acquisition schemes. In theMediterranean Sea, the resulting knowledge gaps and observing challengesincrease due to its oligotrophic character, especially in the eastern partof the basin. The oligotrophic open Cretan Sea's biogeochemistry isconsidered to be representative of a greater Mediterranean area up to10 6  km 2 , and understanding its features may be useful on evenlarger oceanic scales, since the Mediterranean Sea has been considered aminiature model of the global ocean. The spatiotemporal coverage of biogeochemical (BGC)observations in the Cretan Sea has progressively increased over the lastdecades, especially since the creation of the POSEIDON observing system,which has adopted a multiplatform, multivariable approach, supporting BGCdata acquisition. The current POSEIDON system's status includes open andcoastal sea fixed platforms, a Ferrybox (FB) system and Bio-Argo autonomousfloats that remotely deliver fluorescence as a proxy of chlorophyll- a (Chl- a ), O2 , pH and p CO2 data, as well as BGC-related physicalvariables. Since 2010, the list has been further expanded to other BGC(nutrients, vertical particulate matter fluxes), ecosystem and biodiversity(from viruses up to zooplankton) variables, thanks to the addition ofsediment traps, frequent research vessel (R/V) visits for seawater–planktonsampling and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) deliveringinformation on macrozooplankton–micronekton vertical migration (in theepipelagic to mesopelagic layer). Gliders and drifters are the new (currently underintegration to the existing system) platforms, supporting BGC monitoring.Land-based facilities, such as data centres, technical supportinfrastructure, calibration laboratory and mesocosms, support and give addedvalue to the observatory. The data gathered from these platforms are used toimprove the quality of the BGC-ecosystem model predictions, which haverecently incorporated atmospheric nutrient deposition processes andassimilation of satellite Chl- a data. Besides addressing open scientificquestions at regional and international levels, examples of which arepresented, the observatory provides user-oriented services to marinepolicy makers and the society, and is a technological test bed for newand/or cost-efficient BGC sensor technology and marine equipment. It is partof European and international observing programs, playing a key role inregional data handling and participating in harmonization and best practicesprocedures. Future expansion plans consider the evolving scientific andsociety priorities, balanced with sustainable management.

ocean science

An integrated open-coastal biogeochemistry, ecosystem and biodiversity observatory of the eastern Mediterranean – the Cretan Sea component of the POSEIDON system