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Basin-scale freshening of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is reported to\udhave occurred in the South Atlantic Ocean during the period from 2005 to\ud2014, as shown by the gridded monthly means of the Array for Real-time Geostrophic\udOceanography (Argo) data. This phenomenon was also revealed by two repeated\udtransects along a section at 30° S, performed during the World\udOcean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Program. Freshening of the AAIW\udwas compensated for by a salinity increase of thermocline water, indicating a\udhydrological cycle intensification. This was supported by the precipitation-minus-evaporation change in the Southern Hemisphere from 2000 to 2014.\udFreshwater input from atmosphere to ocean surface increased in the subpolar\udhigh-precipitation region and vice versa in the subtropical high-evaporation region.\udAgainst the background of hydrological cycle changes, a decrease in the\udtransport of Agulhas Leakage (AL), which was revealed by the simulated\udvelocity field, was proposed to be a contributor to the associated\udfreshening of AAIW. Further calculation showed that such a decrease could\udaccount for approximately 53 % of the observed freshening (mean salinity\udreduction of about 0.012 over the AAIW layer). The estimated variability of\udAL was inferred from a weakening of wind stress over the South Indian Ocean\udsince the beginning of the 2000s, which would facilitate freshwater input\udfrom the source region. The mechanical analysis of wind data here was\udqualitative, but it is contended that this study would be helpful to\udvalidate and test predictably coupled sea–air model simulations

Freshening of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic Ocean in 2005–2014