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This study addresses the impact of coupling between wave and circulationmodels on the quality of coastal ocean predicting systems. This isexemplified for the German Bight and its coastal area known as the WaddenSea. The latter is the area between the barrier islands and the coast. Thistopic reflects the increased interest in operational oceanography to reduceprediction errors of state estimates at coastal scales, which in many casesare due to unresolved non-linear feedback between strong currents andwind waves. In this study we present analysis of wave and hydrographicobservations, as well as results of numerical simulations. A nested-gridmodelling system is used to produce reliable nowcasts and short-termforecasts of ocean state variables, including waves and hydrodynamics. Thedatabase includes ADCP observations and continuousmeasurements from data stations. The individual and combined effects of wind,waves and tidal forcing are quantified. The performance of the forecastsystem is illustrated for the cases of several extreme events. The combinedrole of wave effects on coastal circulation and sea level are investigatedby considering the wave-dependent stress and wave breaking parameterization.Also the response, which the circulation exerts on the waves, is tested forthe coastal areas. The improved skill of the coupled forecasts compared tothe non-coupled ones, in particular during extreme events, justifies thefurther enhancements of coastal operational systems by including waveeffects in circulation models

Coupling of wave and circulation models in coastal–ocean predicting systems: a case study for the German Bight