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Seven freak wave incidents previously documented in the real ocean incombination with model hindcast simulations are used to study the variationsassociated with freak-wave-related parameters, such as wave steepness,directional spreading, and frequency bandwidth. Unlike the strongcorrelations between the freak wave parameters and freak waves' occurrencewhich were obtained in experimental and physical research, the correlationsare not clear in the freak waves occurring in the real ocean. Wavedirectional spreading–steepness joint distribution is introduced and commonvisual features were found in the joint distribution when freak waves occuramong seven “freakish” sea states. The visual features show that freakwave incidents occur when the steepness is large and directional spreadingis small. Besides large steepness and small directional spreading, along-duration, relatively rough sea state is also necessary for the freakwave generation. The joint distribution is more informative than any singlestatistical wave parameter. The continuous sea states of local largesteepness and small directional spreading are supposed to generate freakwaves, and two-dimensional distribution visualization is found to be auseful tool for freak waves' forecast. The common visual features of jointdistributions supply an important cue for the theoretical and experimentalresearch

Technical note: Common characteristics of directional spreading–steepness joint distribution in freak wave events