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Atmospheric dynamics are described by a set of partial differential equations\udyielding an infinite-dimensional phase space. However, the actual\udtrajectories followed by the system appear to be constrained to a\udfinite-dimensional phase space, i.e. a strange attractor. The dynamical\udproperties of this attractor are difficult to determine due to the complex\udnature of atmospheric motions. A first step to simplify the problem is to\udfocus on observables which affect – or are linked to phenomena which affect\ud– human welfare and activities, such as sea-level pressure, 2 m\udtemperature, and precipitation frequency. We make use of recent advances in\uddynamical systems theory to estimate two instantaneous dynamical properties\udof the above fields for the Northern Hemisphere: local dimension and\udpersistence. We then use these metrics to characterize the seasonality of the different fields and their\udinterplay. We further analyse the large-scale anomaly patterns corresponding\udto phase-space extremes – namely time steps at which the fields display\udextremes in their instantaneous dynamical properties. The analysis is based\udon the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, over the period 1948–2013. The results\udshow that (i) despite the high dimensionality of atmospheric dynamics, the\udNorthern Hemisphere sea-level pressure and temperature fields can on average\udbe described by roughly 20 degrees of freedom; (ii) the precipitation field\udhas a higher dimensionality; and (iii) the seasonal forcing modulates the\udvariability of the dynamical indicators and affects the occurrence of\udphase-space extremes. We further identify a number of robust correlations\udbetween the dynamical properties of the different variables

Dynamical properties and extremes of Northern Hemisphere climate fields over the past 60 years