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We study parallel (field-aligned) diffusion of en- ergetic particles in the upstream of the bow shock with test particle simulations. We assume parallel shock geometry of the bow shock, and that MHD wave turbulence convected by the solar wind toward the shock is purely transverse in one-dimensional system with a constant background mag- netic field. We use three turbulence models: a homogeneous turbulence, a regular cascade from a large scale to smaller scales, and an inverse cascade from a small scale to larger scales. For the homogeneous model the particle motions along the average field are Brownian motions due to ran- dom and isotropic scattering across 90 degree pitch angle. On the other hand, for the two cascade models particle mo- tion is non-Brownian due to coherent and anisotropic pitch angle scattering for finite time scale. The mean free path k calculated by the ensemble average of these particle motions exhibits dependence on the distance from the shock. It also depends on the parameters such as the thermal velocity of the particles, solar wind flow velocity, and a wave turbulence model. For the inverse cascade model, the dependence of k at the shock on the thermal energy is consistent with the hybrid simulation done by Giacalone (2004), but the spatial dependence of k is inconsistent with it.

Energetic particle parallel diffusion in a cascading wave turbulence in the foreshock region