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. Infrastructure systems are inextricably tied to society by providing avariety of vital services. These systems play a fundamental role in reducingthe vulnerability of communities and increasing their resilience to naturaland human-induced hazards. While various definitions of resilience forinfrastructure systems exist, analyzing the resilience of these systemswithin cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary perspectives remains limited andfragmented in research and practice. With the aim to assist researchers andpractitioners in advancing understanding of resilience in designinginfrastructure systems, this systematic literature review synthesizes andcomplements existing knowledge on designing resilient vital infrastructuresby identifying (1) key conceptual tensions and challenges, (2) engineeringand non-engineering measures, and (3) directions for future research. Here,a conceptual framework is developed in which infrastructures are defined asa conglomeration of interdependent social–ecological–technical systems. Inaddition, we define resilient infrastructures as systems with ability to(i) anticipate and absorb disturbances, (ii) adapt/transform in response to changes, (iii) recover, and (iv) learn from prior unforeseen events. Ourresults indicate that conceptual and practical challenges in designingresilient infrastructures continue to exist. Hence these systems are stillbeing built without taking resilience explicitly into account. Our review ofmeasures and recent applications shows that the available measures have notbeen widely applied in designing resilient infrastructure systems. Keyconcerns to address are identified as (i) the integration of social,ecological, and technical resilience of infrastructure systems with explicitattention paid to cascading effects and dependencies across these complexsystems and (ii) the development of new technologies to identify factorsthat create different recovery characteristics.

Review article: Towards resilient vital infrastructure systems – challenges, opportunities, and future research agenda