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. Verification of forecasts and warnings of high-impactweather is needed by the meteorological centres, but how to perform it stillpresents many open questions, starting from which data are suitable asreference. This paper reviews new observations which can be considered forthe verification of high-impact weather and provides advice for their usagein objective verification. Two high-impact weather phenomena are considered:thunderstorm and fog. First, a framework for the verification of high-impactweather is proposed, including the definition of forecast and observationsin this context and creation of a verification set. Then, new observationsshowing a potential for the detection and quantification of high-impactweather are reviewed, including remote sensing datasets, products developedfor nowcasting, datasets derived from telecommunication systems, datacollected from citizens, reports of impacts and claim/damage reports frominsurance companies. The observation characteristics which are relevant fortheir usage in forecast verification are also discussed. Examples offorecast evaluation and verification are then presented, highlighting themethods which can be adopted to address the issues posed by the usage ofthese non-conventional observations and objectively quantify the skill of ahigh-impact weather forecast.

Review article: Observations for high-impact weather and their use in verification