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. The generation of a tsunami by a landslide is a complexphenomenon that involves landslide dynamics, wave dynamics and theirinteraction. Numerous lives and infrastructures around the world arethreatened by this phenomenon. Predictive numerical models are a suitabletool to assess this natural hazard. However, the complexity of thisphenomenon causes such models to be either computationally inefficient orunable to handle the overall process. Our model, which is based on shallow-water equations, has been developed to address these two problems. In ourmodel, the two materials are treated as two different layers, and theirinteraction is resolved by momentum transfer inspired by elastic collisionprinciples. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the validity of ourmodel through benchmark tests based on physical experiments performed byMiller et al. (2017). A dry case is reproduced to validate the behaviour ofthe landslide propagation model using different rheological laws and todetermine which law performs best. In addition, a wet case is reproduced toinvestigate the influence of different still-water levels on both thelandslide deposit and the generated waves. The numerical results are in goodagreement with the physical experiments, thereby confirming the validity ofour model, particularly concerning the novel momentum transfer approach.

natural hazards and earth system sciences

An efficient two-layer landslide-tsunami numerical model: effects of momentum transfer validated with physical experiments of waves generated by granular landslides