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. Scientific evidence is critical to underpin the decisions associated with shoreline management, to build climate-resilient communities and infrastructure. We explore the role of waves, storm surges and sea level rise for the Caribbean region with a focus on coastal impacts in the eastern Caribbean islands. We simulate past extreme events and a worst-casescenario, modelling the storm surges and waves, suggesting a storm surgemight reach 1.5 m, depending on the underwater topography. Coastal waveheights of up to 12 m offshore and up to 5 m near the coast of St Vincent aresimulated with a regional wave model. We deliver probabilistic sea levelprojections for 2100, with a low-probability–high-impact estimate ofpossible sea level rise up to 2.2 m, exceeding the 1.8 m global estimate for the same scenario. We introduce a combined vulnerability index, which allows for a quantitativeassessment of relative risk across the region, showing that sea level riseis the most important risk factor everywhere but wave impacts are important on windward coasts, increasing to the north, towards the main hurricane track. Our work provides quantitative evidence for policy-makers, scientists and local communities to actively prepare for and protectagainst climate change.

Quantifying processes contributing to marine hazards to inform coastal climate resilience assessments, demonstrated for the Caribbean Sea