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. A flash-flood event hit the northeastern part ofMallorca on 9 October 2018, causing 13 casualties. Mallorca isprone to catastrophic flash floods acting on a scenario of deep landscapetransformation caused by Mediterranean tourist resorts. As global change mayexacerbate devastating flash floods, analyses of catastrophic events arecrucial to support effective prevention and mitigation measures.Field-based remote-sensing and modelling techniques were used in this studyto evaluate rainfall–runoff processes at the catchment scale linked tohydrological modelling. Continuous streamflow monitoring data revealed apeak discharge of 442 m3 s−1 with an unprecedented runoffresponse. This exceptional behaviour triggered the natural disaster as acombination of heavy rainfall (249 mm in 10 h), karstic features and landcover disturbances in the Begura de Salma River catchment (23 km2).Topography-based connectivity indices and geomorphic change detection wereused as rapid post-catastrophe decision-making tools, playing a key roleduring the rescue search. These hydrogeomorphological precision techniqueswere combined with the Copernicus Emergency Management Service and“ground-based” damage assessment, which showed very accurately thedamage-driving factors in the village of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. Themain challenges in the future are to readapt hydrological modelling toglobal change scenarios, implement an early flash-flood warning system andtake adaptive and resilient measures on the catchment scale.

natural hazards and earth system sciences

Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca