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Based on wind tunnel measurements at the CSTB (Jules Verne) facility in Nantes and based on field obser- vations at the SLF experimental site Versuchsfeld Weiss- fluhjoch, two acoustic wind drift sensors are evaluated against different mechanical snow traps and one optical snow particle counter. The focus of the work is the suitability of the acoustic sensors for applications such as avalanche warn- ing and research. Although the acoustic sensors have not yet reached the accuracy required for typical research appli- cations, they can, however, be useful for snow drift moni- toring to help avalanche forecasters. The main problem of the acoustic sensors is a difficult calibration that has to take into account the variable snow properties. Further difficulties arise from snow fall and high wind speeds. However, the sen- sor is robust and can be operated remotely under harsh con- ditions. It is emphasized that due to the lack of an accurate reference method for snow drift measurements, all sensors play a role in improving and evaluating snow drift models. Finally, current operational snow drift models and snow drift sensors are compared with respect to their usefulness as an aid for avalanche warning. While drift sensors always make a point measurement, the models are able to give a more rep- resentative drift index that is valid for a larger area. There- fore, models have the potential to replace difficult observa- tions such as snow drift in operational applications.

Snow drift: acoustic sensors for avalanche warning and research