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. Rockfall presents an ongoing challenge to the safeoperation of transportation infrastructure, creating hazardous conditionswhich can result in damage to roads and railways, as well as loss of life.Rockfall risk assessment frameworks often involve the determination ofrockfall runout in an attempt to understand the likelihood that rockfalldebris will reach an element at risk. Rockfall modelling programs whichsimulate the trajectory of rockfall material are one method commonly used toassess potential runout. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness ofa rockfall simulation prototype which uses the Unity 3D game engine. Thetechnique is capable of simulating rockfall events comprised of many mobilefragments, a limitation of many industry standard rockfall modellingprograms. Five fragmental rockfalls were simulated using the technique, withslope and rockfall geometries constructed from high-resolution terrestriallaser scans. Simulated change detection was produced for each of the eventsand compared to the actual change detection results for each rockfall as abasis for testing model performance. In each case the simulated changedetection results aligned well with the actual observed change in terms oflocation and magnitude. An example of how the technique could be used tosupport the design of rockfall catchment ditches is shown. Suggestions aremade for future development of the simulation technique with a focus onbetter informing simulated rockfall fragment size and the timing offragmentation.

Simulation of fragmental rockfalls detected using terrestrial laser scans from rock slopes in south-central British Columbia, Canada