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. Aridity indices have been widely used in climateclassification. However, there isnot enough evidence for their ability in identifying the multiple climatetypes in areas withcomplex topography and landscape, especially in those areas with atransition climate. Thisstudy compares a traditional meteorological aridity index (AI), defined as theratio of precipitation ( P ) to potential evapotranspiration (PET), with ahydrological aridity index, theevaporative stress index (ESI) defined as the ratio of actualevapotranspiration (AET) to PETin the Heihe River Basin (HRB) of arid northwestern China. PET was estimatedusing thePenman–Monteith and Hamon methods. The aridity indices were calculated usingthe high-resolution climate data simulated with a regional climate model for theperiod of 1980–2010.The climate classified by AI shows a climate type for the upper basin and asecond type for the middle and lower basin, while three different climatetypes are found using ESI, each for oneriver basin, indicating that only ESI is able to identify a transition climatezone in the middlebasin. The difference between the two indices is also seen in theinterannual variability andextreme dry/wet events. The magnitude of variability in the middle basinis close to that inthe lower basin for AI, but different for ESI. AI had a larger magnitude of therelative interannualvariability and a greater decreasing rate from 1980 to 2010 than ESI, suggesting therole of localhydrological processes in moderating extreme climate events. Thus, thehydrological aridityindex is better than the meteorological aridity index for climateclassification in the arid HeiheRiver Basin.

Identifying a transition climate zone in an arid river basin using the evaporative stress index