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. Inventories of landslides caused by different triggeringmechanisms, such as earthquakes, extreme rainfall events or anthropogenicactivities, may show different characteristics in terms of distribution,contributing factors and frequency–area relationships. The aim of thisresearch is to study such differences in landslide inventories and theeffect they have on landslide susceptibility assessment. The study area isthe watershed of the transboundary Koshi River in the central Himalaya, sharedby China, Nepal and India. Detailed landslide inventories were generatedbased on visual interpretation of remote-sensing images and fieldinvestigation for different time periods and triggering mechanisms. Maps andimages from the period 1992 to 2015 were used to map 5858rainfall-triggered landslides, and after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, anadditional 14 127 coseismic landslides were mapped. A set of topographic,geological and land cover factors were employed to analyze their correlationwith different types and sizes of landslides. The frequency–areadistributions of rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslides (ETLs) have a similar cutoff value and power-law exponent, although the ETLs might have a largerfrequency of a smaller one. In addition, topographic factors varied considerably forthe two triggering events, with both altitude and slope angle showingsignificantly different patterns for rainfall-triggered andearthquake-triggered landslides. Landslides were classified into two sizegroups, in combination with the main triggering mechanism (rainfall- orearthquake-triggered). Susceptibility maps for different combinations oflandslide size and triggering mechanism were generated using logisticregression analysis. The different triggers and sizes of landslide data wereused to validate the models. The results showed that susceptible areas forsmall- and large-size rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslides differedsubstantially.

natural hazards and earth system sciences

How size and trigger matter: analyzing rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslide inventories and their causal relation in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya