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. Debris avalanches caused by volcano sector collapse often form characteristicdepositional landforms such as hummocks. Sedimentological andgeomorphological analyses of debris avalanche deposits (DADs) are crucial toclarify the size, mechanisms, and emplacement of debris avalanches. Wedescribe the morphology of hummocks on the northeastern flank of Mt. Erciyesin Kayseri, central Turkey, likely formed in the late Pleistocene. Using aremotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) and the structure-from-motion andmulti-view stereo (SfM–MVS) photogrammetry, we obtained high-definitiondigital elevation model (DEM) and orthorectified images of the hummocks toinvestigate their geometric features. We estimated the source volume of theDAD by reconstructing the topography of the volcano edifice using asatellite-based DEM. We examined the topographic cross sections based on theslopes around the scar regarded as remnant topography. Spatial distributionof hummocks is anomalously concentrated at a certain distance from thesource, unlike those that follow the distance–size relationship. Thehigh-definition land surface data by RPAS and SfM revealed that many of thehummocks are aligned toward the flow direction of the debris avalanche,suggesting that the extensional regime of the debris avalanche was dominant.However, some displaced hummocks were also found, indicating that thecompressional regime of the flow contributed to the formation of hummocks.These indicate that the flow and emplacement of the avalanche wereconstrained by the topography. The existing caldera wall forced the initialeastward flow to move northward, and the north-side caldera wall forced theflow into the narrow and steepened outlet valley where the sliding debrisunderwent a compressional regime, and out into the unconfined terrain wherethe debris was most likely emplaced on an extensional regime. Also, theestimated volume of 12–15  ×  10 8  m 3 gives a meanthickness of 60–75 m, which is much deeper than the reported cases of otherDADs. This suggests that the debris avalanche must have flowed furtherdownstream and beyond the current DAD extent. Assessments of the DADincorporating the topographic constraints can provide further insights intothe risk and mitigation of potential disasters in the study area.

Characteristics of debris avalanche deposits inferred from source volume estimate and hummock morphology around Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey