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. Torrential rain triggered by two typhoons hit the Kanto andTohoku regions of Japan from 9 to 11 September 2015. Due to the record-breakingamount of rainfall, several riverbanks were overflowed and destroyed,causing floods over wide areas. The PALSAR-2 sensor on board the ALOS-2satellite engaged in emergency observations of the affected areas during andafter the heavy rain. Two pre-event and three co-event PALSAR-2 images wereemployed in this study to extract flooded areas in the city of Joso, IbarakiPrefecture. The backscattering coefficient of the river water wasinvestigated first using the PALSAR-2 intensity images and a land-cover mapwith a 10 m resolution. The inundation areas were then extracted by settingthreshold values for backscattering from water surfaces in the three temporalsynthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The extracted results were modified byconsidering the land cover and a digital elevation model (DEM). Next, theinundated built-up urban areas were extracted from the changes in SARbackscattering. The results were finally compared with those from visualinspections of airborne imagery by the Geospatial Information Authority ofJapan (GSI), and more than 85 % of the maximum inundation areas wereextracted successfully.

Review article: Detection of inundation areas due to the 2015 Kanto and Tohoku torrential rain in Japan based on multi-temporal ALOS-2 imagery