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Landslides triggered by large earthquakes in mountainous regions contribute\udsignificantly to overall earthquake losses and pose a major secondary hazard\udthat can persist for months or years. While scientific investigations of\udcoseismic landsliding are increasingly common, there is no protocol for rapid\ud(hours-to-days) humanitarian-facing landslide assessment and no published\udrecognition of what is possible and what is useful to compile immediately\udafter the event. Drawing on the 2015 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, we consider how quickly a landslide assessment based upon manual\udsatellite-based emergency mapping (SEM) can be realistically achieved and\udreview the decisions taken by analysts to ascertain the timeliness and type\udof useful information that can be generated. We find that, at present, many\udforms of landslide assessment are too slow to generate relative to the speed\udof a humanitarian response, despite increasingly rapid access to high-quality\udimagery. Importantly, the value of information on landslides evolves rapidly\udas a disaster response develops, so identifying the purpose, timescales, and\udend users of a post-earthquake landslide assessment is essential to inform\udthe approach taken. It is clear that discussions are needed on the form and\udtiming of landslide assessments, and how best to present and share this\udinformation, before rather than after an earthquake strikes. In this paper,\udwe share the lessons learned from the Gorkha earthquake, with the aim of\udinforming the approach taken by scientists to understand the evolving\udlandslide hazard in future events and the expectations of the humanitarian\udcommunity involved in disaster response

Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes