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Abstract. Gravel cushions are widely used to absorb the impact energy of falling rocksin open-pit mines. A particularly important application is to enhance theenergy-absorbing capacity of rockfall sheds. In this paper, we study howvarying the thickness and particle size of a gravel cushion influences itsenergy-consumption and buffering effects. We performed a series of laboratorydrop tests by dropping blocks from a fixed height onto cushions of differentthicknesses and particle sizes. The results indicate that, for a given impactenergy, the cushion thickness has a strong influence on the measuredcoefficient of restitution (COR) and therefore impact pressure. Additionaltests were performed to study how the radius of the block and the height itis dropped from affect the measured COR. This showed that as the movementheight of the block is increased the COR also increases, and blocks withlarger radii exhibit a larger variability in measured COR. Finally, weinvestigated the influence of rockfall block radius, r , movement height, H , cushion thickness, h , and particle size, d , on the COR and thedamage depth, L , of the cushion. The test results reveal that the cushionthickness is the primary design parameter, controlling not only COR, but alsothe stability of the cushion material. The results provide a theoretical andpractical basis for the design of gravel cushions for rockfall protection.

The effects of gravel cushion particle size and thickness on the coefficient of restitution in rockfall impacts