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Since the two devastating tsunamis in 2004 (Indian Ocean) and 2011 (Great\udEast Japan), new findings have emerged on the relationship between tsunami\udcharacteristics and damage in terms of fragility functions. Human loss and\uddamage to buildings and infrastructures are the primary target of recovery\udand reconstruction; thus, such relationships for offshore properties and\udmarine ecosystems remain unclear. To overcome this lack of knowledge, this\udstudy used the available data from two possible target areas (Mangokuura Lake\udand Matsushima Bay) from the 2011 Japan tsunami. This study has three main\udcomponents: (1) reproduction of the 2011 tsunami, (2) damage investigation,\udand (3) fragility function development. First, the source models of the 2011\udtsunami were verified and adjusted to reproduce the tsunami characteristics\udin the target areas. Second, the damage ratio (complete damage) of the\udaquaculture raft and eelgrass was investigated using satellite images taken\udbefore and after the 2011 tsunami through visual inspection and binarization.\udThird, the tsunami fragility functions were developed using the relationship\udbetween the simulated tsunami characteristics and the estimated damage ratio.\udBased on the statistical analysis results, fragility functions were developed\udfor Mangokuura Lake, and the flow velocity was the main contributor to the\uddamage instead of the wave amplitude. For example, the damage ratio above 0.9\udwas found to be equal to the maximum flow velocities of 1.3 m s−1\ud(aquaculture raft) and 3.0 m s−1 (eelgrass). This finding is\udconsistent with the previously proposed damage criterion of 1 m s−1\udfor the aquaculture raft. This study is the first step in the development of\uddamage assessment and planning for marine products and environmental factors\udto mitigate the effects of future tsunamis

Developing fragility functions for aquaculture rafts and eelgrass in the case of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami