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Deep-seated landslides are an important and widespread natural hazard within\udalpine regions and can have significant impacts\udon infrastructure. Pore water pressure plays an important role in determining\udthe stability of hydrologically triggered deep-seated landslides. Based on\uda simple tank model structure, we improve groundwater level prediction by\udintroducing time lags associated with groundwater supply caused by snow\udaccumulation, snowmelt and infiltration in deep-seated landslides. In this\udstudy, we demonstrate an equivalent infiltration calculation to improve the\udestimation of time lags using a modified tank model to calculate regional\udgroundwater levels. Applied to the deep-seated Aggenalm landslide in the\udGerman Alps at 1000–1200 m a. s. l. , our results predict daily\udchanges in pore water pressure ranging from −1 to 1.6 kPa,\uddepending on daily rainfall and snowmelt, which are compared to piezometric\udmeasurements in boreholes. The inclusion of time lags improves the results of\udstandard tank models by  ∼  36 % (linear correlation with measurement)\udafter heavy rainfall and by  ∼ 82 % following snowmelt in a 1–2-day\udperiod. For the modified tank model, we introduced a representation of snow\udaccumulation and snowmelt based on a temperature index and an equivalent\udinfiltration method, i.e. the melted snow-water equivalent. The modified tank\udmodel compares well to borehole-derived water pressures. Changes of pore\udwater pressure can be modelled with 0–8 % relative error in rainfall\udseason (standard tank model: 2–16 % relative error) and with 0–7 %\udrelative error in snowmelt season (standard tank model: 2–45 % relative\uderror). Here we demonstrate a modified tank model for deep-seated landslides\udwhich includes snow accumulation, snowmelt and infiltration effects and can\udeffectively predict changes in pore water pressure in alpine environments.</p

A modified tank model including snowmelt and infiltration time lags for deep-seated landslides in alpine environments (Aggenalm, Germany)