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Geomorphic impacts of a disastrous crevasse splay that formed in September 2015 and its post-formation\udmodifications were quantitatively documented by using repeated,\udhigh-definition digital surface models (DSMs) of an inhabited and cultivated\udfloodplain of the Kinu River, central Japan. The DSMs were based on pre-flood\ud(resolution: 2 m) and post-flood (resolution: 1 m) aerial light detection\udand ranging (lidar) data from January 2007 and September 2015, respectively,\udand on structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry data (resolution: 3.84 cm)\udderived from aerial photos taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in\udDecember 2015. After elimination of systematic errors among the DSMs and\uddown-sampling of the SfM-derived DSM, elevation changes on the order of\ud10<sup>−1</sup> m – including not only topography but also growth of vegetation,\udvanishing of flood waters, and restoration and repair works – were detected.\udComparison of the DSMs showed that the volume eroded by the flood was more\udthan twice the deposited volume in the area within 300–500 m of the\udbreached artificial levee, where the topography was significantly affected.\udThe results suggest that DSMs based on a combination of UAV-SfM and lidar\uddata can be used to quantify, rapidly and in rich detail, topographic changes\udon floodplains caused by floods

natural hazards and earth system sciences

Application of UAV-SfM photogrammetry and aerial lidar to a disastrous flood: repeated topographic measurement of a newly formed crevasse splay of the Kinu River, central Japan