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Many urban areas experience both fluvial and pluvial floods, becauselocations next to rivers are preferred settlement areas and thepredominantly sealed urban surface prevents infiltration and facilitatessurface inundation. The latter problem is enhanced in cities withinsufficient or non-existent sewer systems. While there are a number ofapproaches to analyse either a fluvial or pluvial flood hazard, studies ofa combined fluvial and pluvial flood hazard are hardly available. Thus thisstudy aims to analyse a fluvial and a pluvial flood hazard individually,but also to develop a method for the analysis of a combined pluvial andfluvial flood hazard. This combined fluvial–pluvial flood hazard analysis isperformed taking Can Tho city, the largest city in the Vietnamese part ofthe Mekong Delta, as an example. In this tropical environment the annualmonsoon triggered floods of the Mekong River, which can coincide with heavy localconvective precipitation events, causing both fluvial and pluvial flooding atthe same time. The fluvial flood hazard was estimated with a copula-basedbivariate extreme value statistic for the gauge Kratie at the upper boundaryof the Mekong Delta and a large-scale hydrodynamic model of the MekongDelta. This provided the boundaries for 2-dimensional hydrodynamicinundation simulation for Can Tho city. The pluvial hazard was estimated by apeak-over-threshold frequency estimation based on local rain gauge data anda stochastic rainstorm generator. Inundation for all flood scenarios wassimulated by a 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model implemented on a GraphicsProcessing Unit (GPU) for time-efficient flood propagation modelling. Thecombined fluvial–pluvial flood scenarios were derived by adding rainstormsto the fluvial flood events during the highest fluvial water levels. Theprobabilities of occurrence of the combined events were determined assumingindependence of the two flood types and taking the seasonality andprobability of coincidence into account. All hazards – fluvial, pluvial andcombined – were accompanied by an uncertainty estimation taking into account thenatural variability of the flood events. This resulted in probabilisticflood hazard maps showing the maximum inundation depths for a selected setof probabilities of occurrence, with maps showing the expectation (median)and the uncertainty by percentile maps. The results are critically discussedand their usage in flood risk management are outlined

Combined fluvial and pluvial urban flood hazard analysis: concept development and application to Can Tho city, Mekong Delta, Vietnam