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We present a detailed chronological reconstruction of the 2011 eruption ofthe Cordón Caulle volcano(Chile) based on information derived from newspapers, scientific reports andsatellite images. Chronology of associated volcanic processes and their localand regional effects (i.e. precursory activity, tephra fallout, lahars,pyroclastic density currents, lava flows) are also presented. The eruptionhad a severe impact on the ecosystem and on various economic sectors,including aviation, tourism, agriculture and fishing industry. Urban areasand critical infrastructures, such as airports, hospitals and roads, werealso impacted. The concentration of PM<sub>10</sub> (particulate matter ≤  10 µm) was measured during and after the eruption, showingthat maximum safety threshold levels of daily and annual exposures weresurpassed in several occasions. Probabilistic analyses suggest that thiscombination of atmospheric and eruptive conditions has a probability ofoccurrence of about 1 %. The management of the crisis, includingevacuation of people, is discussed, as well as the comparison with the impactassociated with other recent eruptions located in similar areas and havingsimilar characteristics (i.e. Quizapu, Hudson and Chaitén volcanoes).This comparison shows that the regions downwind and very close to theerupting volcanoes suffered very similar problems, without a clear relationto the intensity of the eruption (e.g. health problems, damage to vegetation,death of animals, roof collapse, air traffic disruptions, road closure,lahars and flooding). This suggests that a detailed collection of impact datacan be largely beneficial for the development of plans for the management ofan eruptive crisis and the mitigation of associated risk of the Andeanregion

Chronology and impact of the 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption, Chile