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This study addresses the impact of wind, waves, tidal forcing and\udbaroclinicity on the sea level of the German Bight during extreme storm\udevents. The role of wave-induced processes, tides and baroclinicity is\udquantified, and the results are compared with in situ measurements and\udsatellite data. A coupled high-resolution modelling system is used to\udsimulate wind waves, the water level and the three-dimensional hydrodynamics.\udThe models used are the wave model WAM and the circulation model GETM. The\udtwo-way coupling is performed via the OASIS3-MCT coupler. The effects of wind\udwaves on sea level variability are studied, accounting for wave-dependent\udstress, wave-breaking parameterization and wave-induced effects on vertical\udmixing. The analyses of the coupled model results reveal a closer match with\udobservations than for the stand-alone circulation model, especially during\udthe extreme storm Xaver in December 2013. The predicted surge of the coupled\udmodel is significantly enhanced during extreme storm events when considering\udwave–current interaction processes. This wave-dependent approach yields a\udcontribution of more than 30 % in some coastal areas during extreme storm\udevents. The contribution of a fully three-dimensional model compared with a\udtwo-dimensional barotropic model showed up to 20 % differences in the water\udlevel of the coastal areas of the German Bight during Xaver. The improved\udskill resulting from the new developments justifies further use of the\udcoupled-wave and three-dimensional circulation models in coastal flooding\udpredictions

Coastal flooding: impact of waves on storm surge during extremes – a case study for the German Bight