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Aside of immediate impacts, the 2011 Puyehue–Cordón Caulle volcano\ud(PCC) eruption also caused persisting chemical impacts. By 2012, toxicity\udresulted in overt dental fluorosis in deer, with bone fluoride increasing\ud> 38-fold to 5175 ppm. Sheep, horses and cattle also succumbed\udto fluorosis. Due to eolian redeposition of tephra, exposure of ruminants\udcontinued, bone fluoride reached 10 396 ppm, and by 2014 skeletal fluorosis\udwas found. Nonskeletal fluorosis resulted in reduced wool growth and major\udlosses among periparturient cattle. Peculiarities of digestive processes make\udruminants susceptible to fluoride-containing tephra, which averaged 548 ppm\udfrom PCC. Moreover, recent volcanic eruptions causing fluorosis could be\udaggravated by local iodine deficiency, which increases the incidence and\udharshness of fluorosis, and deficiency of selenium, which, among other\udthings, also results in secondary deficiency of iodine. Notwithstanding, several\udmeasures are available to livestock producers to minimize chemical impacts of\udfluoride

Brief communication: Extended chronology of the Cordón Caulle volcanic eruption beyond 2011 reveals toxic impacts