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Mountain roads in developing countries are known to increase landslideoccurrence due to often inadequate drainage systems and mechanicaldestabilization of hillslopes by undercutting and overloading. This studyempirically investigates landslide initiation frequency along two pavedinterurban highways in the tropical Andes of southern Ecuador acrossdifferent climatic regimes. Generalized additive models (GAM) andgeneralized linear models (GLM) were used to analyze the relationshipbetween mapped landslide initiation points and distance to highway whileaccounting for topographic, climatic, and geological predictors as possibleconfounders. A spatial block bootstrap was used to obtain nonparametricconfidence intervals for the odds ratio of landslide occurrence near thehighways (25 m distance) compared to a 200 m distance. The estimated oddsratio was 18–21, with lower 95% confidence bounds >13 in allanalyses. Spatial bootstrap estimation using the GAM supports the higherodds ratio estimate of 21.2 (95% confidence interval: 15.5–25.3). Thehighway-related effects were observed to fade at about 150 m distance. Roadeffects appear to be enhanced in geological units characterized by Holocenegravels and Laramide andesite/basalt. Overall, landslide susceptibility wasfound to be more than 1 order of magnitude higher in close proximity topaved interurban highways in the Andes of southern Ecuador

Landslide susceptibility near highways is increased by 1 order of magnitude in the Andes of southern Ecuador, Loja province