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Since 2004, Halji village, home of the oldest Buddhist Monastery innorth-western Nepal, has suffered from recurrent glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs). A sudden englacial drainage of a supraglacial lake, located at adistance of 6.5 km from the village, was identified as the source of theflood. The topography of the lake basin was mapped by combining differentialGlobal Positioning System (DGPS) measurements with a structure-from-motion(SFM) approach using terrestrial photographs. From this model the maximumfilling capacity of the lake has been estimated as 1.06 ×10^6 m3with a maximum discharge of 77.8 m3 s−1, calculated using theempiric Clague–Mathews formula. A simulation of the flooded area employing araster-based hydraulic model considering six scenarios of discharge volumeand surface roughness did not result in a flooding of the village. However,both the village and the monastery are threatened by undercutting of the riverbank formed by unconsolidated sediments, as it already happened in 2011.Further, the comparison of the GLOF occurrences with temperature andprecipitation from the High Asia Reanalysis (HAR) data set for the period2001–2011 suggests that the GLOF is climate-driven rather than generated byan extreme precipitation event. The calculation of geodetic mass balance andthe analysis of satellite images showed a rapid thinning and retreat of HaljiGlacier which will eventually lead to a decline of the lake basin. As thebasin will persist for at least several years, effective mitigation measuresshould be considered. A further reinforcement of the gabion walls wassuggested as an artificial lake drainage is not feasible given the difficultaccessibility of the glacier

Repeated glacial lake outburst flood threatening the oldest Buddhist monastery in north-western Nepal