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On 27 May 1937, after one week of sustained heavy rainfall, a voluminousflood caused the death of at least 300 people and the destruction of thehistoric El Carmen church and several neighborhoods in the mining region ofTlalpujahua, Michoacán, central Mexico. This destructive flood wastriggered by the breaching of the impoundment of the Los Cedros tailings andthe sudden release of circa 16 Mt of water-saturated waste materials. Themuddy silty flood, moving at estimated speeds of 20–25 m s−1, was channelizedalong the Dos Estrellas and Tlalpujahua drainages and devastated everythingalong its flow path. After advancing 2.5 km downstream, the flood slammedinto El Carmen church and surrounding houses at estimated speeds of~ 7 m s−1, destroying many construction walls and coveringthe church floor with ~ 2 m of mud and debris. Revision ofeyewitness accounts and newspaper articles, together with analysis ofarchived photographic materials, indicated that the flood consisted of threemuddy pulses. Stratigraphic relations and granulometric data for selectedproximal and distal samples show that the flood behaved as ahyperconcentrated flow along most of its trajectory. A total volume of theLamas flood deposit was estimated as 1.5 × 106 m3. The physicallybased bidimensional (2-D) hydraulic model FLO-2D was implemented to reproducethe breached flow (0.5 sediment concentration) with a maximum flow dischargeof 8000 m3 s−1 for a total outflow volume (sediment + water) of2.5 × 106 m3, similar to the calculations obtained using field measurements. Even though premonitory signs of possible impoundment failure were reporteddays before the flood, and people living downstream were alerted,authorities ordered no evacuations or other mitigative actions. Thecatastrophic flood at Tlalpujahua provides a well-documented, though tragic,example of impoundment breaching of a tailings dam caused by the combinedeffects of intense rainfall, dam weakness, and inadequateemergency-management protocols – unfortunately an all-too-commoncase scenario for most of the world's mining regions

The 27 May 1937 catastrophic flow failure of gold tailings at Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, Mexico