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In this paper a procedure to derive synthetic flood\uddesign hydrographs (SFDH) using a bivariate representation\udof rainfall forcing (rainfall duration and intensity) via copulas,\udwhich describes and models the correlation between two\udvariables independently of the marginal laws involved, coupled\udwith a distributed rainfall–runoff model, is presented.\udRainfall–runoff modelling (R–R modelling) for estimating\udthe hydrological response at the outlet of a catchment was\udperformed by using a conceptual fully distributed procedure\udbased on the Soil Conservation Service – Curve Number\udmethod as an excess rainfall model and on a distributed unit\udhydrograph with climatic dependencies for the flow routing.\udTravel time computation, based on the distributed unit hydrograph\uddefinition, was performed by implementing a procedure\udbased on flow paths, determined from a digital elevation\udmodel (DEM) and roughness parameters obtained from\uddistributed geographical information. In order to estimate the\udprimary return period of the SFDH, which provides the probability\udof occurrence of a hydrograph flood, peaks and flow\udvolumes obtained through R–R modelling were treated statistically\udusing copulas. Finally, the shapes of hydrographs\udhave been generated on the basis of historically significant\udflood events, via cluster analysis.\udAn application of the procedure described above has been\udcarried out and results presented for the case study of the\udImera catchment in Sicily, Italy

Estimation of synthetic flood design hydrographs using a distributed rainfall–runoff model coupled with a copula-based single storm rainfall generator