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Wave induced set-up is a process that leads to increased water levels incoastal regions. When coupled with storm conditions, wave set-up – or, forbrevity, set-up – can significantly increase the risk of flooding orstructural damage and therefore is of particular importance when consideringcoastal management or issues related to the planning of nearshoreinfrastructures. Here, we investigate the effects of set-up in the coastalregion of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea, close to Tallinn, Estonia,although the results will have wider relevance for many other areas. Due toa lack of continuous wave data we employ modelling to provide input datausing a calculation scheme based on a high-resolution (470 m) spectral wavemodel WAM to replicate spatial patterns of wave properties based onhigh-quality, instrument-measured wind data from the neighbourhood of thestudy site. The results indicate that for the specific geometry of coastlineunder consideration, there is a variation in set-up which is stronglyaffected by wind direction. The maximum set-up values are up to 70–80 cm inselected locations. This is more than 50% of the all-time maximum waterlevel and thus may serve as a substantial source of marine hazard forseveral low-lying regions around the city. Wind directions during stormshave changed in recent years and, with climate variability potentiallyincreasing, these results will encourage further tests which may be usedin a policy setting regarding defences or other structures in and aroundcoastlines. In particular, with urban development now taking place in manycoastal regions (including the one within this study) these results haveimplications for local planners. They may also be incorporated into newstorm warning systems

Mapping wave set-up near a complex geometric urban coastline