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El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in CentralAmerica; its coast has an approximate length of 320 km, 29municipalities and more than 700 000 inhabitants. In El Salvador there were 15 recorded tsunamis between 1859 and 2012, 3 of them causing damagesand resulting in hundreds of victims. Hazard assessment is commonly based onpropagation numerical models for earthquake-generated tsunamis and can beapproached through both probabilistic and deterministic methods. A deterministicapproximation has been applied in this study as it provides essentialinformation for coastal planning and management. The objective of theresearch was twofold: on the one hand the characterization of the threat overthe entire coast of El Salvador, and on the other the computation of floodingmaps for the three main localities of the Salvadorian coast. For the latterwe developed high-resolution flooding models. For the former, due to theextension of the coastal area, we computed maximum elevation maps, and fromthe elevation in the near shore we computed an estimation of the run-up andthe flooded area using empirical relations. We have considered local sourceslocated in the Middle America Trench, characterized seismotectonically, anddistant sources in the rest of Pacific Basin, using historical and recentearthquakes and tsunamis. We used a hybrid finite differences–finitevolumes numerical model in this work, based on the linear and non-linearshallow water equations, to simulate a total of 24 earthquake-generatedtsunami scenarios. Our results show that at the western Salvadorian coast,run-up values higher than 5 m are common, while in the eastern area,approximately from La Libertad to the Gulf of Fonseca, the run-up values arelower. The more exposed areas to flooding are the lowlands in the Lempa Riverdelta and the Barra de Santiago Western Plains. The results of the empiricalapproximation used for the whole country are similar to the results obtainedwith the high-resolution numerical modelling, being a good and fastapproximation to obtain preliminary tsunami hazard estimations. In Acajutlaand La Libertad, both important tourism centres being actively developed,flooding depths between 2 and 4 m are frequent, accompanied with highand very high person instability hazard. Inside the Gulf of Fonseca theimpact of the waves is almost negligible

Tsunami hazard assessment in El Salvador, Central America, from seismic sources through flooding numerical models.