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Extreme ocean waves in the Caribbean Sea are commonly related to the effectsof storms and hurricanes during the months of June through November. Thecollapse of 200 m of the Puerto Colombia pier in March 2009 revealed theeffects of meteorological phenomena other than storms and hurricanes that maybe influencing the extreme wave regime in the Colombian Caribbean. The markedseasonality of these atmospheric fronts was established by analyzing themeteorological–marine reports of the Instituto de Hidrología,Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales of Colombia (IDEAM, based on itsinitials in Spanish) and the Centro de Investigación en Oceanografíay Meteorología of Colombia (CIOH, based on its initials in Spanish)during the last 16 yr. The highest number of cold fronts was observed duringthe months of January, February, and March, with 6 fronts occurring per year.An annual trend was observed and the highest number of fronts occurred in2010 (20 in total); moreover, an annual strong relationship between themaximum average wave values and the cold fronts in the central zone of theColombian Caribbean during the first three months of the year wasestablished. In addition, the maximum values of the significant heightproduced by the passage of cold fronts during the last 16 yr wereidentified.  Although the Colombian Caribbean has been affected by storms and hurricanesin the past, this research allows us to conclude that there is a strongrelationship between cold fronts and the largest waves in the ColombianCaribbean during the last 16 yr, which have caused damage to coastalinfrastructure. We verified that the passage of a cold front corresponded tothe most significant extreme wave event of the last two decades in theColombian Caribbean, which caused the structural collapse of the PuertoColombia pier, located near the city of Barranquilla, between 5 and10 March 2009. This information is invaluable when evaluating average andextreme wave regimes for the purpose of informing the design of structures inthis region of the Caribbean

Cold fronts in the Colombian Caribbean Sea and their relationship to extreme wave events