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. Ammonia is one of the most widespread foraminiferal generaworldwide. Three phylotypes (Ammonia sp. T1, T2 and T6), commonly encountered inthe northeast Atlantic, are usually associated with the morphospeciesAmmonia tepida. The biogeographic distribution of these three types was previouslyinvestigated in coastal environments around Great Britain based on geneticassignations. A new method was recently developed to recognize these threephylotypes based on morphological criteria (i.e. pore size and sutureelevation on spiral side), avoiding the need to use molecular analyses toidentify them. The results presented here allow us to validate theconsistency of the morphometric determination method but also to define moreprecisely the pore size variability of each of the three phylotypes, whichis a main criterion for their recognition. Moreover, these results, combinedwith earlier molecular and morphological data, enable us to refine thebiogeographic distribution previously established by genetic analyses alone.The biogeographical distribution pattern presented here supports theputatively invasive character of Ammonia sp. T6, by suggesting that this phylotypeis currently spreading out over large areas and is supplantingautochthonous phylotypes (T1 and T2) along the coastlines of the BritishIsles and northern France. In fact, only the southwest coast of England and Ireland and the northwest coast of France have not been colonized byAmmonia sp. T6 yet. Our results also suggest that within the areas colonized byphylotype T6, T2 may find refuges in the inner parts of estuaries. Wefurther suggest that the absence of Ammonia sp. T6 in the western part of theEnglish Channel may be explained by the general surface current circulationpattern, which impedes further expansion. The high reliability of thedetermination method of phylotypes T1, T2 and T6 based on morphology alsoallows us to quickly generate large datasets for sub-recent and fossil material.This new method will make it possible to gain an understanding of theecological differences between the three phylotypes and of the historicalchanges in their distribution patterns (for example due to changinganthropogenic factors). Finally, it will allow us to confirm or invalidatethe putative invasive character of phylotype T6.

journal of micropalaeontology

Biogeographic distribution of three phylotypes (T1, T2 and T6) of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Ammonia&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (foraminifera, Rhizaria) around Great Britain: new insights from combined molecular and morphological recognition