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. Morphologically similar benthic foraminiferal taxa can bedifficult to separate. Aside from causing issues in taxonomy, incorrectidentifications complicate our understanding of species-specific ecologicalpreferences and result in flawed palaeoenvironmental reconstructions andgeochemical results. Over the years, a number of studies have groupedtogether several key Arctic–North Atlantic species in various combinations,despite their distinct environmental preferences and/or stratigraphicaldifferences, causing great confusion in the literature. These speciesinclude Cassidulina laevigata, Cassidulina neoteretis, Cassidulina teretis, Paracassidulina neocarinata, Islandiella helenae, and Islandiella norcrossi. Here, we provide for the first time a detailed comparison ofthese taxa. We present a compilation of the original species descriptions,along with clear, illustrated guidelines on how to separate these taxa tocircumvent taxonomic confusion. We acknowledge that some features cannoteasily be seen with a standard low-powered microscope, especially ifspecimens are not well preserved. In those cases, we recommend the followingactions: (i) always strive to make a precise identification and at leastdifferentiate between the three genera; (ii) where C. neoteretis and C. teretis cannot be separated, andwhere the stratigraphical context does not make the species identificationobvious, specimens belonging to these taxa should be reported as C. teretis/C. neoteretis; and (iii) where specimens in a sample cannot be confidently assigned to a specificspecies of Islandiella or Cassidulina, specimens should be grouped as Islandiella spp. or Cassidulina spp., followed bynaming the most dominant species in brackets. The improved identification ofCassidulina, Paracassidulina, and Islandiella specimens will ensure development of a better understanding of theecological affinities of these key Arctic–North Atlantic taxa, consequentlyresulting in more accurate palaeoenvironmental reconstructions andgeochemical data.

journal of micropalaeontology

Comparative analysis of six common foraminiferal species of the genera &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cassidulina&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Paracassidulina&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Islandiella&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; from the Arctic–North Atlantic domain