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. Three disaggregation methods, i.e. Calgon, acetic acid and electricpulse fragmentation (EPF), have been applied to a range of heavilylithified, carbonate-rich sedimentary rock samples of Paleogene age. Samplesare predominantly from the carbonate-rich, shallow water domain (  m palaeo-water depth) of Tanzania, Malta and the United Arab Emirates(Paleogene Tethys Ocean). The effectiveness and efficiency of each methodhas been compared, in addition to the preservation of the resultant liberatedmicrofossil material (primarily larger foraminifera; LF). Of the threemethods, the most efficient and effective was EPF, which liberated thelargest number of LF in a very short processing time and resulted in thebest preservation. Samples with calcitic, silicic, and clay matrices andcements were successfully disaggregated using EPF. In this study, recoveredmicrofossils were largely >500 µ m, suggesting thistechnique may be more appropriate for liberating larger microfossils (e.g.LFs); however, we discuss nuances to the method that would allow for moreeffective recovery of smaller microfossil specimens. The more traditionalacetic acid method was also able to disaggregate a number of the samples;however, preservation of the LF was compromised. We suggest a best-practicemethodology for implementing EPF in micropalaeontological studies.

Liberating microfossils from indurated carbonates: comparison of three disaggregation methods