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. Various Eocene hyperthermal events have been recorded from lignite sectionsof western India in the past decade. To infer the paleoenvironment, during awarm paleotropical climate of India, we have assessed multiple microfossilgroups like pollen/spores, dinoflagellates and foraminifera from Early Eocenelignite mine sections from the Cambay (Surkha) and Barmer (Giral) basins andMiddle Eocene sections from the Kutch Basin (Matanomadh and Panandhro mines) ofwestern India. The Surkha and Giral sections exhibit a dominance ofrainforest elements (Arengapollenites achinatus, Longapertites retipilatus), thermophilic mangrove palm Nypa and (sub)tropicaldinoflagellate cyst Apectodinium, Cordosphaeridium andKenleyia. This palynomorph assemblage is indicative of a marginalmarine setting within a hot and humid climate. During the Middle Eocene, thediversity of dinocyst assemblage increased and a decrease in percentage ofmangrove elements was observed in the Matanomadh and Panandhro mine sections ofthe Kutch Basin as compared to the Early Eocene sections of western India.Bloom of triserial planktic (Jenkinsina columbiana) and rectilinearbenthic (Brizalina sp., Trifarina advena rajasthanensis) foraminifera indicates eutrophic conditions of deposition during the LateLutetian–Early Bartonian in the lignite sections of the Kutch Basin which later changedto oligotrophic, open marine conditions towards the Bartonian (planktic E12zone). This change to oligotrophic conditions coincides with a drasticincrease in diversity of planktic foraminifera in the top portion of lignitemines of the Kutch Basin which may be correlated with the Kirthar–Wilson Blufftransgression event in the Bartonian observed across basins in India, Pakistan andAustralia potentially linked to sea level rise around the MiddleEocene Climatic Optimum.

Record of Early to Middle Eocene paleoenvironmental changes from lignite mines, western India