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Structural health monitoring uses non-destructive testing programmes to detect long-term degradation phenomena in civil\udengineering structures. Structural testing may also be carried out to assess a structure's integrity following a potentially damaging\udevent. Such investigations are increasingly carried out with vibration techniques, in which the structural response to artificial or\udnatural excitations is recorded and analysed from a number of monitoring locations. Photogrammetry is of particular interest here\udsince a very high number of monitoring locations can be measured using just a few images. To achieve the necessary imaging\udfrequency to capture the vibration, it has been necessary to reduce the image resolution at the cost of spatial measurement accuracy.\udEven specialist sensors are limited by a compromise between sensor resolution and imaging frequency.  \udTo alleviate this compromise, a different approach has been developed and is described in this paper. Instead of using high-speed\udimaging to capture the instantaneous position at each epoch, long-exposure images are instead used, in which the localised image of\udthe object becomes blurred. The approach has been extended to create 3D displacement vectors for each target point via multiple\udcamera locations, which allows the simultaneous detection of transverse and torsional mode shapes. The proposed approach is\udfrequency invariant allowing monitoring of higher modal frequencies irrespective of a sampling frequency. Since there is no\udrequirement for imaging frequency, a higher image resolution is possible for the most accurate spatial measurement. The results of a\udsmall scale laboratory test using off-the-shelf consumer cameras are demonstrated. A larger experiment also demonstrates the\udscalability of the approach

the international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences

3D Case Studies of Monitoring Dynamic Structural Tests using Long Exposure Imagery