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Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing technique used to\udmeasure and monitor land deformation from a stack of interferometric SAR images. This work concerns X-band PSI and, in\udparticular, PSI based on very high resolution (VHR) StripMap CosmoSkyMed and TerraSAR-X SAR imagery. In fact, it mainly\udfocuses on the technical aspects of deformation measurement and monitoring over urban areas. A key technical aspect analysed in\udthis paper is the thermal expansion component of PSI observations, which is a result of temperature differences in the imaged area\udbetween SAR acquisitions. This component of PSI observations is particularly important in the urban environment. This is an\udinteresting feature of PSI, which can be surely used to illustrate the high sensitivity of X-band PSI to very subtle displacements.\ud  \udThermal expansion can have a strong impact on the PSI products, especially on the deformation velocity maps and deformation time\udseries, if not properly handled during the PSI data processing and analysis, and a comprehensive discussion of this aspect will be\udprovided in this paper. The importance of thermal expansion is related to the fact that the PSI analyses are often performed using\udlimited stacks of images, which may cover a limited time period, e.g. several months only. These two factors (limited number of\udimages and short period) make the impact of a non-modelled thermal expansion particularly critical. This issue will be illustrated\udconsidering different case studies based on TerraSAR-X and CosmoSkyMed PSI data. Besides, an extended PSI model which\udalleviates this problem will be described and case studies from the Barcelona metropolitan area will demonstrate the effectiveness of\udthe proposed strategy

the international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences

ANALYSIS OF X-BAND VERY HIGH RESOLUTION PERSISTENT SCATTERER INTERFEROMETRY DATA OVER URBAN AREAS