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. The number of smartphone users has increased dramatically as smartphones have become more widely available. The mass-market urgently requires the deployment of low-cost GNSS chips in smartphones to achieve continuous, high-precision velocity and location services. Currently, most GNSS velocity determination research relies on traditional geodetic receivers and focuses on comparing velocity determination methods and analyzing velocity determination influencing factors, while research into the direction of multi-GNSS velocity determination for smartphones is insufficient. To solve this problem, we study the differences in velocity determination accuracy of Android smartphones with single-constellation, dual-constellation and multi-constellation focusing on BDS-2 and BDS-3. The results show that the accuracy of velocity determination differs significantly between different mobile phone models. The velocity determination accuracy of BDS is the highest in all single constellations, and the accuracy of BDS-2, BDS-3 and GPS are not much different. The velocity determination accuracy of dual-constellation and multi-constellation is better than single-constellation. In static velocity determination, the Huawei nova5 quad-constellation velocity determination error is in the cm/s level, while the Redmi K40 error is in the dm/s level. In kinematic velocity determination, the Huawei nova5’s quad-constellation velocity determination error in horizontal and vertical directions is 1.06 dm/s and 1.77 dm/s respectively; The Redmi’s quad-constellation velocity determination error in horizontal and vertical directions is 3.76 dm/s and 4.59 dm/s respectively.

the international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences

ACCURACY EVALUATION OF MULTI-GNSS DOPPLER VELOCITY ESTIMATION USING ANDROID SMARTPHONES